Climate Science

1 report
Climate Science studies long-term change in the atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and carbon cycle using observations and models. Current understanding relies on climate observations, carbon cycle, and cryosphere change, with uncertainty tracked across measurement, classification, and reconstruction.

Atmospheric dynamics, paleoclimate records, and Earth system models provide separate checks. Together they examine which uncertainties remain and how human influence is attributed, showing how sparse measurements or incomplete records limit certainty.