Oceans
2 reportsOceans research uses observations, reconstructions, and models to understand a component or driver of the climate system. Evidence comes from thermohaline circulation, marine heatwaves, and primary observations, and competing models remain viable when observations are sparse or indirect.
Reports set direct observations beside comparative measurements and model results. This comparison addresses how ocean warming is measured and which currents redistribute heat, showing how sparse measurements or incomplete records limit certainty.
Reports set direct observations beside comparative measurements and model results. This comparison addresses how ocean warming is measured and which currents redistribute heat, showing how sparse measurements or incomplete records limit certainty.
Arctic Sea Ice Reaches Its Preliminary 2026 Minimum at the 11th-Lowest Level
Arctic sea ice reached a preliminary 2026 minimum of 4.60 million square kilometers on Sept. 12. The estimate ranks 11th-lowest in the satellite record, although the final value and ranking remain subject to confirmation.
Guinea-Bissau's Islands Expand and Shrink with the Tides
A NASA satellite image captures how twice-daily tides redraw Guinea-Bissau's Bijagós Archipelago, exposing broad mudflats and sandflats before seawater returns through its mangrove channels