Oceans

1 report
Oceans research uses observations, reconstructions, and models to understand a component or driver of the climate system. Evidence comes from thermohaline circulation, marine heatwaves, and primary observations, and competing models remain viable when observations are sparse or indirect.

Reports set direct observations beside comparative measurements and model results. This comparison addresses how ocean warming is measured and which currents redistribute heat, showing how sparse measurements or incomplete records limit certainty.